Semiotics in Cyberspace :: Communication Internet

Semiotics in Cyberspace We are seeing one of the most historically significant changes in the way we share information. Electronic communication devices have been with us since the beginning of the 20th century. Radio provided ways to share sounds with distant people simultaneously. The telephone added the ability to inter-communicate with others. Cinematography captured images and created the illusion of motion. Television added the ability to send sounds and moving images to masses of distant people simultaneously. Computers started out being number crunching machines. However, as time passed these machines were interconnected and they started to provide yet another medium to deliver information. First it was only text, then some low resolution graphics and images with limited amount of colors were added. In only a few decades of computer technology development we are already seeing systems that can deliver all possible combinations of electronic media. Presently, computers can deliver text (and other machine codes), sounds, graphics, still images and video (another name for television images). You can have all of those varieties of media stored in magnetic and optical devices for archiving or to be used as alternative delivery systems. Also, it is possible to deliver all kinds of computer data and electronic media through your telephone or "local area network". Radio and television were initially dependent on the use of magnetic radio waves to deliver messages. These two particular media dramatically extended their reach when cable and satellite technologies emerged. Cable and satellite technologies have been in fact responsible for the development of the concept of global information networks. Computers have also played a role in the development of information networks using cable and satellite technologies. The Internet is one of those global information networks. Through this network, computers are currently sending all kinds of electronic media formats to other computers around the world. These computers are interconnected to a network that does not have a beginning or an end. Connections can happen in any direction at any time. Trying to build a map of computer locations and possible interconnections among them will only produce something that looks more like a web. Hence the name of one of the most impressive information sharing environments of our days: The World Wide Web. The World Wide Web (WWW) provides the ability to combine all kinds of electronic media into one interactive presentation that can be delivered anywhere around the world instantaneously. WWW documents are hypermedia documents.

Apple vs Microsoft

Everybody thinks Apple is younger than Microsoft, but Apple was born in 1976, just one year after Microsoft corporation. They develop two different ways to produce the same product, Microsoft has developed a computer platform more popular than the Apple platform. Indeed, Microsoft Softwares came in the market as a reference, due to the easiest compatibility network. In the other hand, Apple increased on the ten last years. The main problem of this war implies the consumer. How do you make your decision between two products , when they are globally similar ?Microsoft has developed an Operating System which is easy to use for anyone, and the majority of the computer have installed the O. S Windows . Moreover, a personal computer stays less expensive than an Apple computer. Behind the graphics and the user interface, technically the core of the system grant a lot of flaws, that imperil the security of the O. S. Apple bets on the design and efficiency to equal the windows industry. The O . S on the Apple computers is named  «MAC O. S ». The core of the system is very stable and very safe. Indeed, virus aren’t made for the Macintosh O.S. So a lot of consumers chose Apple for the security. The price for the Apple computers are the most expensive, and most of softwares can’t be used on MAC O. S computers. Apple and Microsoft were born together, but one pretend to a quality and luxurious product, and the other is made to satisfy another public who cares about price, but doesn’t stand with design. They have a common market, but for different client companies which don’t need the same product, so apple software is designed for the student whereas Microsoft software supply to the professional demand.What’s more, recently Apple goes through Microsoft in the highest trade price to the second place of the most powerful company. To my mind, Apple is better than Microsoft because it turned to a younger public, which is the beginning of the next generation. But for the 40 last years, Microsoft sold more laptops and computers than Apple. Today, Apple is getting better than Microsoft, how can we explain this mind changing? (360 words)

The Socio Ecological Model Of Childhood Obesity Essay

A geographical perspective can facilitate better understanding of how everyday lived environments are complicit in producing higher rates of obesity and its associated diseases among New Zealanders, particularly in children. Childhood obesity is widely regarded as a significant health concern in New Zealand (NZ), owing to its growing national prevalence, its links to long term ill-health, and high economic burden on the health system. A socio-ecological model can be used to demonstrate how environments, ranging from individual to societal, influence personal behaviours, everyday lifestyle choices and eating patterns that contribute to an increased likelihood of a child being or becoming obese. The socio-ecological model recognises that cultural and societal norms which promote personal responsibility for obesity influences legislative action and more importantly, in-action around excessive unhealthy food availability and marketing. Consequently, the everyday lived environments of chi ldren are largely ‘obesogenic’. Specifically, the neighbourhood, school, and home environment will be examined, looking at how they interact with individuals to shape food consumption and physical activity behaviours, the major factors linked to childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is a major health concern in NZ (No, Kelly, Devi, Swinburn Vandevijvere, 2014). Evidence has illustrated a rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity among NZ children. The most recent NZ health survey revealedShow MoreRelatedChild Obesity As An Issue Of Public Health, The Socio Ecological Model1130 Words   |  5 PagesTo understand the phenomena behind child obesity as an issue of public health, the socio-ecological model should be considered. As seen in the Figure 1 below, the ecological model considers individual factors, relationship factors, community factors, and societal factors. Individual level (first level at the extreme right) includes biology and personal characteristics such as, knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, racial/ethnic identity, gender, age, and religious identity. Relationship level (secondRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children s Children926 Words   |  4 PagesScope of the Problem Obesity in children is characterized by an excess amount of body fat (â€Å"Obesity in Children,† 2016). In the United States, obesity in children has become an epidemic that continues to increase at an astronomical rate. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), showed obesity among Hispanic children was 22.4% in 2011-2012 (â€Å"Childhood Obesity Facts,† 2015). According to a recent report conducted by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Hispanic childrenRead MoreThe International Study Of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle And The Environment ( Isole ) Design And Methods1470 Words   |  6 Pagesfriendliness and Children’s Obesity and other risk factors (Public Health Nursing). 3. Paper 3: The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISOLE) design and methods. Using primary research method, Paper 1 investigated the prevalence of overweight/obesity in children as childhood obesity is causing alarming concern in England and other developed countries. The research work outlined guidelines to tackle early signs and prevention of obesity using wide range of strategiesRead MoreLearning Styles And Sociocultural Influences On Child And Adolescent Development1641 Words   |  7 Pageschildishly, until they are more certain of what kind of identity they want to take on. http://www.learning-theories.com/identity-status-theory-marcia.html Physical development for child and adolesce There is very little difference in the early childhood comparing the boys and the girls physical and the cognitive development. In fact the most of the figures shows almost identical developmental time up until 6 years old. After this age we can spot there is a significant changes by looking at the growthRead MoreBenefits Of A Healthy Living Environment2033 Words   |  9 Pageskidney disease have a substantial impact on the health of Australians (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2014a). A healthy living environment plays a pivotal role in a person’s health. As based on the social ecological model, this essay will focus on how socio-economic characteristics and factors such as transport access to health care facilities, quality and affordable housing, neighbourhood and the cost and accessibility of nutritious food can affect individuals’ health behavioursRead MoreObservation Of Various Life Stages5410 Words   |  22 Pagessocioeconomic level of low-income families who are receiving 90% of scholarships to girls in high-income family. - The level of education also varies some girls attending private schools and other girls attend schools title A. Normal Physical, Cognitive and Socio-emotional Development Physical Development. John W. Santrock (2015) states that adolescence is a stage during which, many young people suffer physical changes. These changes allow the youth to mature and ideally turn into an adjusted adult. The processRead MoreHeart Disease And Health Outcomes2279 Words   |  10 Pagesdisparate communities is fully understood and outlined, especially through the life course. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include tobacco use, physical inactivity, poor diet, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. These mostly fall under the behavioral level of determinants in the ecological model. Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease. Since 1960, disparities in hypertension have existed with prevalence highest among non-hisapanic black adults. Persons with low levelsRead MoreThe Effects of Advertising on Children33281 Words   |  134 Pages....................................................................... 14 Child development.......................................................................................................................... 14 Developmental stages of childhood ............................................................................................ 14 Media literacy and influence of advertising................................................................................ 19 Conclusions...........Read MoreWhat Is Cervical Cancer?2614 Words   |  11 Pageswomen have lower rates of diagnosis (Downs et al., 2008). Current literature on immigrant health suggests that immigrants generally appear to have better self-reported physical health, and activity limitations. They have been found to have lower obesity rates and lower all-cause mortality rates and longer life expectancies than comparable non-immigrant individuals (McDonald Neily, 2009; Kennedy, McDonald Biddle, 2006). For instance, there has been a â€Å"paradox† documented with Hispanic populationsRead MoreSocial Influence of Television Advertisement on Children a Case Study of Selected Primary Schools in Somolu Local Government Area9371 Words   |  38 Pagesexposed to are products that are of low nutritional value. McDonalds spends roughly $570 million a year on advertising (McNeal 2001). Everyone knows that McDonalds is not a good place to find much nutritional value, and in turn will only lead to obesity in children. Now in many schools students are being rewarded coupons for Pizza Hut; and McDonalds for doing a good job in school. Why not reward these children with money towards furthering theft education? Many educational posters in schools are

What a Story Reveals about the Story Teller Essay

Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales from the view of a pilgrim journeying with many other travelers who all had tales to tell. I believe that the stories told by the characters in Chaucers book gives us insight into the individual spinning the tale as well as Chaucer as the inventor of these characters and author of their stories. There are three main characters whose stories I will be using as examples: The Knights Tale, The Millers Tale, and The Wife of Baths Tale. The knight told a tale of love, bravery, chivalry, justice, romance, and adventure. His story included two cousins and sworn brothers, Palamon and Arcite, who were both enraptured by the love of one woman, Emily. Emily was related to king Theseus who had†¦show more content†¦Secondly, it tells us his idea of bravery and devotion. Palamon and Arcite were not willing to give up Emily to the other, although they had been great friends. The devotion lies not in their friendship, but in their love of Emily. Likewise, the knight himself had left all to nobly fight for his cause; and still had such devotion to his faith to join the pilgrimage. With smudges where his armour had left mark; Just home from service, he had joined our ranks To do his pilgrimage and render thanks (The Canterbury Tales, p.5). Thirdly, it shows us the knights ideas of fortune and justice. I believe the knight was optimistic in a practical sense. He viewed Fortune as a beneficial force of justice wh ich is reflected in his happy ending of the tale. Although he had a realistic note of sadness, the overall outcome was good. All the characters prayed to different gods, and all got what they asked for. Although Arcite wins Emily, he dies before he can claim her and she is later married to Palamon. Lastly, the tale was constructed with such length and wordiness to convey the intelligence and education of the speaker - the Knight. This story tells me that Chaucer holds the knight in high regard. As the creator of this character and his tale, he displays his fondness of the characteristics which he attributes to the knight. Chaucer uses many great adjectives to describe the knight in the generalShow MoreRelatedShort Story : Themes In The Story-Teller910 Words   |  4 PagesGretel. Little Red Riding Hood. Cinderella. What do all of these stories have in common? Besides being fairy tales, they all seem to have a happy ending. The witch gets burned alive in the cauldron. Little Red Riding Hood and her grandma gets saved from a wolf by a hunter. Cinderella marries the prince. However, some stories take a completely different direction. Take The Story-Teller by Saki for example. In his story, the bachelor tells a story to 4 kids about a girl named Bertha, who was so good thatRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesweren’t in the wrong for doing something bad? Well , the narrator in the story The Tell-Tale Heart does. Edgar Allan Poe is known to write stories that are of Dark Romanticism. Dark romanticism is a literary genre that showcases gothic stories that portray torture, insanity, murder, and revenge. The story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is no different. Edgar Allan Poe does a great job with making the readers wonder throughout this short story. This allegory makes reader’s questions the narrator motives. WonderingRead MoreBeowulf as Epic823 Words   |  4 PagesWhat makes an epic? Is Beowulf an epic? ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · What is an epic poem, and how does it differ from other kinds of poetry or storytelling? How have epic poems traditionally been transmitted from generation to generation? How do tellers remember these long and complicated stories? According to Robert Harris’s Glossary of Literary Terms, he defines an epic as the following: Epic. An extended narrative poem recounting actions, travels, adventures, and heroic episodes and written in a high style (withRead MoreAnalysis Of Reinaldo Arenas And The Cuban Revolution1656 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstood precisely, the short-story is really complex to percept. The conduct of characters is by all accounts absurdly improper and past any laws of human spirit and sound judgment. Luckily, the suggestion to the Cuban Revolution and the creator s disposition to it get to be evident from the first paragraphs. Death not only signifies sorrow but can also be freedom. These words were based to the story in relation to the Reinaldo Arenas case in Cuban revolution. However, the story itself shows the love toRead MoreLittle Bee By Chris Cleave1031 Words   |  5 Pagescommunicates a universal message on the view of refugees. Currently there are over 21 million refugees worldwide, which continue to struggle and believe they have no home and belong nowhere. Refugees all have a story to carry and pass down and within these stories represents portion of their li fe. These stories are told from several different perspectives usually with an issue involving their safety from low security within their country. The author Chris Cleave demonstrates a well put example on this issueRead MoreEssay Robert Altmans Nashville777 Words   |  4 Pagesand realistically portrayed dialogue to tell the story. Altman portrayed politics as sort of a parasite feeding off of the Nashville dream. He used acousmatic sound in two ways to portray these parasitic politics. The first way is the use of the Hall Walker van which was an almost a surreal narrator between scenes. This provided a point of view of what should or should not be done politically. An example of this would be when the van is talking about health care as they show Barbra Gene sitting inRead MoreEvolution Before Darwin1590 Words   |  7 Pagesexisted at one point in time) thousands, possibly millions, of stories on Earth. Stories that our innocent young selves were subjected to in elementary school that have influenced the way we see ourselves and those around us, more so than we would like to admit. Stories that our parents have read to us late at night willing us with their words of cats in hats and cows jumping over the moon to shut our eyelids and drift off to sleep, and stories that come and visit us in our dreams, usuall y only for a momentRead MoreThe Truth Lies Can Tell : How Stories Shape Our Perspectives1083 Words   |  5 PagesThe Truth Lies Can Tell: How Stories Shape Our Perspectives â€Å"Young as I was, I knew that I wanted the story to be true, true in the way fiction can be true† (Achebe) . Stories are essential to the identity of the human race. From ancient cave paintings depicting tales of epic hunts, to modern day movies in 3D cinema, the tales we tell show our values and our desires, both individually and as a society. Things Fall Apart proves to be no exception. In reading this novel, I found myself presentedRead MoreBlack Dialect Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesStories have existed since the beginning of mankind. Going back as far as ancient Greece in history, or even further back, one can examine the many different types of stories that have been passed down. The Ancient Greeks wrote about gods and developed drama; the Romans passed down biographies of Caesars containing their life achievements as well as their failures; numerous stories questioning the institution of slavery were produced here in American. Usually by reading the work of an author oneRead MoreFrankenstein and the Epistolary Novel Form1386 Words   |  6 Pageseffective form of telling the sto ry? How does the epistolary form affect plot development and character development?† Mary Shelly, the author of the novel Frankenstein, writes Frankenstein in epistolary form which is an effective way of integrating the reader into the story, introducing writer bias [character development], and furthering the theme of communication. The epistolary form of writing allows the reader to feel as if they are receiving an actual account of the story. This type of writing makes

Protection Against Illigal Search of Possessions - 962 Words

Would you want to have Federal agents come into your home and begin searching your possessions? Is exposing what you have inside your home, either personal belongings or simple everyday items to someone whom you do not know uncomfortable? In which situations should these searches occur without a warrant and do they violate the Fourth Amendment? There are many questions similar to these being debated at national level. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution states that the government cannot search you, your home, or your belongings without a good reason. Nor can the government seize your belongings without a good reason. An important test case of the Fourth Amendment was the case of DLK. In the case of DLK, did the federal government go too far in using its power of search and seizure? There are three main reasons why the government did go too far in DLK’s case: there was no warrant to prove the agents could use the thermal imager and scan DLK’s property, it violated his right of privacy in his home, and the thermal imager used to scan his property may not be 100% accurate, and that since this device scans objects/property, it may be considered a search. But in this case there was no warrant once again to show as evidence that the Federal agents had permission to use the thermal imager. One reason the government did go too far is that there was no warrant to prove the agents could use the thermal imager and to scan DLK’s property. Evidence related to this

Social Cognitive Development Psychology †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Social And Cognitive Development Psychology Press? Answer: Introducation The aim of the essay is to explore the human development stages. These stages include prenatal development, infancy, childhood (early and middle), adolescent, adult (early, middle, and late) and old age (death and dying). Understanding this stages is important as it accompanies age related changes. Every stage is associated with unique capability that enables a person to thrive, survive and grow matured. These changes occur beyond the psychology realm and are necessary to develop cognitive and social competence (Feldman, 2016). The essay discusses the cognitive and social development of children and factors influencing this development. Various brain related aspects mark cognitive development which includes information processing, perceptual skills, information processing, language learning. These are important for maximising the childs wellbeing since early childhood. It will help attain full metal capacities (Bjorklund Causey, 2017). Jean Piaget theory explains four stages of cognitive development. According to his theory, the first stage called sensorimotor stage is for 0-2 years old children. In this stage a child responds to the sensory data (hearing, smell, touch) and learns the body movements. In the second stage called pre-operational stage is for children of 2-5 years. In this stage a childs thinking remain egocentric but, gains capability to think about objects symbolically. They demonstrate intelligence by constructing simple sentences. The third stage is called the concrete operational stage for 7-11 years old children, is marked by logical thinking. They demonstrate reversible mental actions and of sys tematic manipulation of symbols. The last stage from 11 years onwards is marked by increase in the capability of children to grab abstract concepts such as joy, love or grief (Modgil et al., 2013). In the given case study, Jack belongs to pre-operational stage as he is 3 years old. Social development in early life occurs by developing the emotional and skills and continues across the lifespan. This development pays attention to child and adolescent stages. This development is essential for a human being to establish a positive relationship with society. Eriksons theory of social development involves eight stages that starts at birth and continues till 18 years (Serafica, 2015). Each of the stage is associated with a psychological crisis faced by the child that ultimately helps to become socially competent. A child may struggle with trust vs. mistrust during infancy until 18 months and autonomy vs. Shame during 18 months to 3 years age. At the age of 3-5 years a child may experience initiative vs. Guilt, at 5-13 years, industry vs. Inferiority and between 13-21 years children may deal with identity vs. role confusion. Other sages indentified by Erikson are 21-39 years refers to intimacy vs. isolation, 40-65 years generativity vs stagnation and lastly 65, and old er, which refers to crisis of Ego integrity vs. despair (McAdams Zapata-Gietl, 2015). In the case study given, Jack belongs to the second stage of social development and may experience the psychological crisis of autonomy vs. Shame. This stage is marked by learning new concepts and acting independently. They may tend to eat or dress themselves without external assistance. Relying on others for this activities may create feeling of shame in children as they need to apply these skills in real life (Overton, 2013). Jack is 3 years old and the normative cognitive developments, expected at this age are rapid learning and expression of their interests in certain activities. For instance, a child can pick up new words like mom and papa and form new simple sentence upto 500 words. This is the first sign of thinking development. Children can recognise themselves in mirror at this age (Bjorklund Causey, 2017). Jack shows non-normative development as his speech is delayed. He can only babble at this age. The normative social development expected at this age includes performing daily activities of dressing, toilet training and eating independently. They may express interest in games and understand emotions like sharing of toys. Poor toilet training in Jack is the sign of non-normative development (Overton, 2013). Several factors determine the social and cognitive development. Delay in this development can be due to biological (intelligence, heriditary) and environmental factors (maternal support and family support, play). Children can learn new concepts if they have strong sense organs to collect adequate stimuli from environment. Intelligence help achieve cognitive development to its fullest. Children with low intelligence show delayed cognitive development (Brown Lan, 2013). Speech delay could be due to the biological factors in Jack. According to dual language could be other reason for his speech delay. If the language spoken in day care and the mother tongue of child is different, it may lead to delayed speech (Barac et al., 2014). Social and cognitive developments are also controlled by the maternal support and the learning opportunities in the childs management. A child can acquire better cognition, by spending more with parents and family relatives. They become more expressive of thei r feelings and acquire social skills and emotional skills faster then child without parental support. Poor maternal support lead to poor mother-infant attachment as well as worry elaboration in children (Grist Field, 2012). This poor attachment can lead to alteration in temperament due to poor response from parents. Lack of contingent parenting practice fails to help a child develop secure relation. Therefore, they show less curiosity, independence and self-reliance (Hong Park, 2012). Applying the theories of Piaget and Erikson, it can be concluded that Jacks cognitive and social development is not occurring, as it should at the given age. It may be attributed to the biological factors and environmental factors discussed above. Low intelligence or defect in sense organs may be one of the reasons for speech delay. Vanessa can refer to speech therapist to identify the root cause. Vanessa being working mother, Jack is attending the day care centre. It is evident that she is not able to spend adequate time with her son. Therefore, there is poor mother-infant attachment in this case. Therefore, Jack is having poor toilet training. She may not be able to provide enough learning opportunities at home. Similar, the caregiver at care centre may have failed to establish strong relationship with Jack. Childs social development is determined by the carer-child relationship at day care and teacher-child relationship at prekindergarten (Serpell Mashburn, 2012). Therefore, thes e factors may have hampered Jacks temperament and his will power. These factors predicts the adaptive and social development in children even when there is no developmental delays (Green et al., 2014). In case of Jack both the carers, nurses and Vanessa must together modify the learning environment for Jack to improve his psychosocial development. Jack needs more play and learning opportunities to increase curiosity and self-reliance. Vanessa needs to increase attachment and emotional security with Jack to improve his toilet training (Beebe Steele, 2013). Thus, social and cognitive developmental theories are important and nursing professionals. In order to design appropriate interventions for children like Jack, it s necessary for the nurses and midwifes to understand the developmental milestones of child. In case of Jack the nurse can apply these theories and concepts to improve Jacks speech and toilet training. Further, the nurse can explain Vanessa about various factors that can delay cognition and social development in children. These theories are useful to detect developmental defects at earl stage and take immediate precaution (Bierman et al., 2014). In conclusion, understanding human developmental stages is essential for nursing professionals to take better care of child and maximise the well-being. The essay was useful in developing meaningful insights of cognitive and social development and factors that influence this development. Strong maternal support is essential for effective transition from childhood stage to old age growing competence in each stages involved. References Barac, R., Bialystok, E., Castro, D. C., Sanchez, M. (2014). The cognitive development of young dual language learners: A critical review.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,29(4), 699-714. Beebe, B., Steele, M. (2013). How does microanalysis of motherinfant communication inform maternal sensitivity and infant attachment?.Attachment human development,15(5-6), 583-602. Bierman, K. L., Domitrovich, C. E., Nix, R. L., Welsh, J. A., Gest, S. D. (2014). Integrating evidence-based preschool programs to support social-emotional and cognitive development.Promoting school readiness and early learning: Implications of developmental research for practice, 231-252. Bjorklund, D. F., Causey, K. B. (2017).Children's thinking: Cognitive business development and individual differences. SAGE Publications. Brown, C. P., Lan, Y. C. (2013). The influence of developmentally appropriate practice on childrens cognitive development: A qualitative metasynthesis.Teachers College Record,115(12), 1-36. Feldman, R. S. (2016).Development across the life span. Pearson. Green, S., Caplan, B., Baker, B. (2014). Maternal supportive and interfering control as predictors of adaptive and social development in children with and without developmental delays.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,58(8), 691-703. Grist, R. M., Field, A. P. (2012). The mediating effect of cognitive development on children's worry elaboration.Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry,43(2), 801-807. Hong, Y. R., Park, J. S. (2012). Impact of attachment, temperament and parenting on human resource development.Korean journal of pediatrics,55(12), 449-454. McAdams, D. P., Zapata-Gietl, C. (2015). Three strands of identity development across the human life course: Reading Erik Erikson in full.The Oxford handbook of identity development, 81-94. Modgil, S., Modgil, C., Brown, G. (Eds.). (2013).Jean Piaget. Routledge. Overton, W. F. (Ed.). (2013).The relationship between social and cognitive development. Psychology Press.

Randle Report Essays - Ufologists, Alien Autopsy, Films,

Randle Report The Randle Report, by Kevin D. Randle explores UFO research in the1990's. In reading his book I have gained much knowledge of how to determine whether information submitted as proof of extraterrestrial existence is valid or bogus, and the truth (from a scientificstandpoint) about several famous unidentified phenomenoms. Much information is submitted to substantiate extraterrestrial existence. This information comes in many forms but the most common are: video, photography, and sworn testimony. Once this information is introduced UFO researchers have to test the authenticity of the information. In 1995 aman named Ray Santilli claimed to have authentic footage of the allegedRoswell alien autopsy. Although it was very interesting, it was most definitly a hoax. This conclusion came after the data from many tests (performed by unbiased scientists and experts in their respected fields) showed that many things in the film and the actual film did not correlateas they should have. In the film there were instruments that hadn't been invented yet and the film was unlike any from that time period. We as humans have always had a facination with visual displays. In 1987 Ed Walters produced several polaroid photographs, several of which were published in several national newspapers and magazines. Once again these photographs were very appealing to the American public but were proved to be not generic either. Mr. Walters was not only unable to recreate his photographs but after he moved from the residence where he claimed to have taken the photographs at the next tennant to reside in that home found a model of a flying saucer that seems to be the same one that appeared in his photographs.