Economics of Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Economics of Warfare - Essay Example The inconsistency in the evaluation occurs because of the endogenous regressor that measures the magnitude of the association. In an ordinary circumstance, both the direction of causation and the magnitude provides invaluable information to the policy analysts. Therefore, the use of instrumental variable provides estimates that assist in obtaining consistent parameters. The article by Miguel et al. (2004) that assessed Economic shocks and civil conflict provides a simple and most effective way of using instrumental variables. For that reason, the article was the most important paper to critique and use when explaining why and how to use the instrumental variable. Estimation of economic impacts from civil conflict is not a simple process because of the endogeneity and the likelihood of biases. Miguel et al (2004) used rainfall variations to simulate the instrumental variables to assess economic growth for 41 countries in Africa after the onsets of wars and civil conflict because most of the countries rely on rain-fed agriculture for economic growth. Miguel et al. (2004) noted that instrumental variables provided credible association between conflicts like civil wars, and financial condition takes a causal relationship rather than merely a correlation (p. 726). The study reported that instrumental variables use two separate equations to define one function. Each of the equation defines and specifies a particular relationship. For instance, one of the equations will explain the existing relationship between the outcome and the independent variable. The second equation will determine the association that exist between the outcome and the instrum ental variable. For instance, if Y refers to the result, V refers to the critical independent variable that measures the policy outcome, N refers to instrumental variable, x refers to the vector of controlled variable, Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 signifies the parameters yet to be

Indonesian Civil Procedure Essay Example for Free

Indonesian Civil Procedure Essay a.Executive Summary Indonesian is not the signatory of the Haque Convention. Indonesian Civil Procedure guidance is based on two regulations, which were adopted from the Dutch Colonial system, which are Herziene Inlandsch Reglement (HIR) and Rechtsreglement voor de Buitengewesten (RBg.). Furthermore, based on the Temporary Law to the Emergency Condition Law No. 1 of 1951 on the provisional considerations state that to those two regulations remained in force up to the new regulations in relation to the Civil Procedure Process will be issued in purpose of ensuring uniformity in the administration, competency and procedure of the civil courts. However, in relation to the matters of obtaining the evidences and the subjects that are parts of the Civil Case, the Burgerlijk Wetbook/the Codes of Civil Procedure Book/Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata. I. Service Process I.1The First Court Process in District Court The first court in the civil procedure in relation to the civil case should process is the District Court (Pengadilan Negeri). The first process should be the plaintiff registers their claim with the registrar office of a District court through the Head of the Clerk Court. Afterwards, the head of the District Court will resume the claim in relation to appoint a single judge or a panel of judges to examine the case. Generally, a lot of cases are heard and examined by a panel with three judges. The appointed judge or judges will sit for hearings, examinations, and, finally, will issue a decision. The court will schedule dates of hearings and will summon parties to appear before the court. However, if the address of the parties is unknown and/or unrecognized, the notice of the court hearing’s schedule and also the content of the summons should be conducted and announced through the advertisement in a national newspaper. After the notice of the schedule of hearing have been delivered and well received by the Parties or the representatives and/or the assignees, there will be eight hearing phases in the District Court. At the first court hearing, if the plaintiff and defendant attend the hearing session, the judge or the panel of judges will ask both parties whether or not they have attempted to do mediation or a settlement outside the Court prior to appearing before the court. If the parties agree to do the mediation, the panel of judges has the obligation to mediate between the parties or order that they resolve this matter through external mediation outside the court. If the mediation process conducts, the parties will draw up, enter and sign a Settlement and Release Agreement (Akta Perdamaian). This Settlement and Release will have the same effect enforceable as a court judgment as stipulated in the verdict. If the mediation fails and the dispute settlement cannot be reached, therefore the parties should proceed to litigation and the first court hearing will be scheduled by the judge or by the panel of judges. If a defendant or their attorney or appointed lawyer does not appear in the first hearing, the panel of judges will schedule another hearing and ask for the defendant to be properly summoned by the Clerk Court. The judge or the panel of judges may also, however, issue a default judgment in the absence of the defendant. Furthermore, if the plaintiff or their attorney and/or their appointed lawyer fails to appear on the scheduled hearing, the judge or panel of judges will declare the lawsuit null and void. As to be highlighted that, the litigation process in Indonesia for the process is more of a paper process than an oral one. The first court hearing is proposed to the plaintiff giving their arguments and submitting their facts of the case. Furthermore, in this first court hearing, the Plaintiff’s demands should be made and submitted in relation to their expectations to the panel of judges to be decided. The plaintiff has to start reading their lawsuits in the forms of the â€Å"Claim and Demand†. After hearing the plaintiffs lawsuit, the judge or the panel of judges will give an opportunity for the defendant to propose the second court hearing as the rebuttal hearing. Then, the judge or panel of judges will decide and schedule the rebuttal hearing with the sufficient time in relation to giving the defendant preparing the written rebuttal (kopensi). Afterwards, the second court hearing, the court will ask the defendant read their written rebuttal. Furthermore, the defendant also has the option to file a counter suit (rekonpensi) against the plaintiff. This counter suit will make the Defendant as a plaintiff at the same time. The judge or panel of judges has responsibility to issue two verdicts at the same time. At the third court hearing, the judge or panel of judges will hear the plaintiffs rebuttal against the argument made by the defendant at the second court hearing. At the fourth court hearing, the panel of judges will hear the defendants arguments with respect to the plaintiffs rebuttal as submitted in the third court hearing. The fifth and sixth court hearings are proposed to examining evidence and presenting and hearing any witnesses, including expert witnesses. The plaintiff is firstly let to present evidence and their witnesses, and then, the judge or panel of judges gives the next chance to the defendant to present the evidences, witnesses or testimony that it would support of its case. The seventh court hearing is for the court to hear both parties give their conclusions in the case. The eighth and last court hearing is when the panel of judges has to make the decision to the case and read its verdict. The courts verdict, however, does not immediately take effect and become enforceable. The verdict is effective after fourteen days since the date of the verdict was read, if there is no appeal submitted. If one of the parties submits an appeal to this verdict, the verdict will not take effect and be unenforceable. I.2The Appeal Court to the High Court For doing the appeal from the District Court are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). The High Court, which located in each of the Provinces in Indonesia, and also called as a District Court of Appeal. The High Court will examine and review the case through all paper materials submitted by the parties at the District Court at least 14 (fourteen) days after the announcement date of that verdict The parties will not be needed to do physically hearing as required in the first phase in the District Court. The High Courts verdict will take effect and become enforceable in fourteen days if no cassation/appeals to the Supreme Court, which located in Jakarta, as the highest court in Indonesia, is submitted. There are no restrictions and the mechanism, except for time limits, with respect to challenging a verdict of the High Court to the Supreme Court. I.3The Highest Appeal to the Supreme Court/Cassation The Supreme Court has responsibility to review and examine a cassation appeal (kasasi), which the appeal to the Supreme Court is a final appeal from lower courts.   However, it can also conduct a case review (Peninjauan kembali) in the conditions that new evidences should be found, which justifies a re-hearing. The Supreme Court renders decisions concerning disputes of competency amongst the types of court in the first and last instances. The Supreme Court can overrule a verdict of a lower court on any of three grounds: the court in question lacked jurisdiction or acted beyond its jurisdiction; the court applied the law incorrectly or violated prevailing law; and, the lower court neglected to satisfy certain requirements imposed by law. The Supreme Court will review the same materials presented at the District Court, which has been submitted to the High Court; the Supreme Court will not admit new evidences and also ask for another court hearings. The process at the Supreme Court is the similar with the High Court. Generally, the Cassation is possible only if no other ordinary means of obtaining justice is available. If there is a possibility of bringing the case for appeal to the court of second instance (High Court) then the cassation will not succeed. Cassation will be successful if the decisions do not comply with the formal requirements as set forth in the regulation, pertaining to nullification. It is also possible when the lower courts in rendering their decision exceed their jurisdiction. Finally, cassation is possible if the regulations and rules of law have been improperly applied to the case or, if there rules are violated by the Court, or if the Court apply the wrong rules to the case. II.Taking Evidence Abroad There are five types of evidence recognized and set forth in the fourth chapter of the Rules of Civil Procedure Book as follows: * documentary evidence which consists of ordinary documents, notarial deeds and privately executed agreements; * verbal testimony of witnesses under oath in open court; * inferences; * confessions; and * written witness statement sworn in the presence of a notary public. In addition to the five forms of evidence, the following evidence is also recognized in practice: â€Å"Judicial Notice†: The court has discretion with its own knowledge of relevant facts and circumstances, what is known in some jurisdictions as â€Å"judicial notice.† Furthermore, the Judicial notice without inquiry is taken where facts are many parts of the common knowledge that they do not need to be proved at all. Judicial notice is proposed to assist the party, which would otherwise bear the burden of proof in relation to a fact in issue. Furthermore, the Indonesian’s judicial system, the judges themselves are allowed to give questions of witnesses and request other relevant evidence. In relation to the Electronic Documents, pursuant to the Electronic Information and Transactions Law of 2008 that was issued in 2008, the courts are now allowed to accept electronic information and/or electronic documents and correspondence as valid legal evidence. However, this kind of legal evidence excludes those documents that are required by law to be in written form with legalized by the public notary, or in a notarial deed form or required to be made by land deed officials. Furthermore, Indonesia does not have pre-trial discovery procedures like in the Common Law system, however, the Indonesian Civil Procedural Law does state the broad principle that † a person who claims to have a right, or refers to a fact to substantiate his right, or to contradict someone else’s right, must evidence the existence of that right or that fact. II.1Default Summary Judgment Options Generally, in a practice, a default judgment is allowed to be issued, if the defendant or his appointed attorney fails to appear after three consecutive hearings in the District Court phase, and have been properly served. Furthermore, the defendant may file an objection to the default judgment. All legal process is served by officers of the court itself and not by private process servers. Summary judgment is not recognized under the Indonesian civil procedural law. III.Enforcement of Foreign Judgments In relation to enforcing a foreign judgment in Indonesia, the general principle referred to in Indonesian law is the territorial principle. However, as a general rule, foreign judgments are not enforceable in Indonesia. The foreign judgments from the foreign courts cannot be executed by any Indonesian’s courts as a judgment, as well as delivered in a country does not have the requisite force of law in some other jurisdiction. However, although foreign judgments are not generally enforceable in Indonesia, if Indonesia has a bilateral or multilateral treaty with the relevant country issuing the arbitral award, it is possible for a foreign judgment to be enforced. III.1. The Enforcement of International Arbitration Judgments Indonesian courts have historically prohibited to enforce international arbitration judgments without first confirming that judgment or award through the Indonesian judicial system. However, Indonesia has already ratified Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award (New York Convention 1958) through the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 34 of 1981. However, Article 5 of this convention stipulates that the enforcement of an international arbitration judgment can be refused if it breaches public policy or would be detrimental to public order. The Indonesian and foreign mass media seized on this refusal to issue the Writ of Execution as evidence that Indonesia was not only reluctant but would not enforce foreign arbitral awards. b.Department of State Summary DISCLAIMER: THE INFORMATION IN THIS CIRCULAR RELATING TO THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIFIC FOREIGN COUNTRIES IS PROVIDED FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY AND MAY NOT BE TOTALLY ACCURATE IN A PARTICULAR CASE. QUESTIONS INVOLVING INTERPRETATION OF SPECIFIC FOREIGN LAWS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO FOREIGN COUNSEL. PROVISO: This flyer seeks only to provide information; it is not an opinion on any aspect of U.S., foreign, or international law. The U.S. Department of State does not intend by the contents of this flyer to take a position on any aspect of any pending litigation. OBTAINING EVIDENCE VOLUNTARY DEPOSITIONS: Depositions of willing witnesses may be conducted in Indonesia without the interposition of Indonesian authorities regardless of the nationality of the witness, provided the testimony is voluntary and no compulsion is used. The witnesses may refuse to take an oath or refrain from answering any or all questions. Oral depositions or depositions on written questions may be taken by U.S. consular officers or by private attorneys from the U.S. or Indonesia. Voluntary depositions may take place on U.S. consular premises or at other locations such as offices or hotels, and are taken either on notice or pursuant to a commission. See our general flyer on Obtaining Evidence Abroad for details. ARRANGING FOR U.S. CONSULAR ASSISTANCE: If the services of a U.S. consular officer are required to administer an oath to the witness, interpreter and stenographer, such arrangements must be made in advance with the U.S. Embassy directly. Contact the U.S. Embassy in Indonesia to schedule a deposition of willing witnesses directly on U.S. consular premises, to arrange the participation of a consular officer to administer oaths off-site, or to obtain information about court reporters, stenographers or interpreters. Our general flyer, Obtaining Evidence Abroad , include a checklist of the specific information inquirers should include in requests to the U.S. Embassy. ARRANGING FOR U.S. CONSULAR ASSISTANCE IN DEPOSITIONS : The Office of American Citizen Services information flyer entitled Obtaining Evidence Abroad includes step-by-step instructions for what information you should fax to U.S. consular officers at the American Embassy in Indonesia to arrange for voluntary depositions. PARTICIPATION BY LOCAL, STATE OR U.S. GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS : Local, State or U.S. Government officials must have formal U.S. Embassy and Host Country clearance before traveling to a foreign country to conduct informal interviews related to judicial assistance matters or depositions. If participation of such officials is envisioned, they should contact the East Asia and Pacific Division of the Office of American Citizens Services which will transmit the request for host country clearance to the U.S. Embassy in Jakarta for transmittal to the Foreign Ministry of Indonesia. Police clearance does not constitute formal host country clearance. Compulsion of Evidence Indonesia is not a party to the Hague Convention on Obtaining Evidence Abroad. Compulsion of evidence is obtained pursuant to a letter rogatory. A letter rogatory is a request from a court in the U.S. addressed to the Appropriate Judicial Authority of the foreign country. See our general information flyer, Preparation of Letters Rogatory for details about the process. There are no laws or regulations specifically relating to the use of Indonesian courts for the taking of depositions requested by foreign courts, nor is there clear precedent to which one can refer in determining how to approach the Indonesian courts on this matter. Requesting counsel should be aware that when letters rogatory are executed by foreign courts which compel the appearance of a witness to answer written interrogatories, the evidence is taken in accordance with the rules of the foreign court. In most cases an American attorney will not be permitted to participate in such a proceeding. Occasionally a foreign attorney may be permitted to attend such a proceeding and even to put forth additional questions to the witness. Not all foreign countries utilize the services of court reporters or routinely provide verbatim transcripts. Sometimes the presiding judge will dictate his recollection of the witnesss responses to his secretary. Generally letters rogatory worldwide, including those sent to the United States, take from six months to a year to execute. Preparing A Letter Rogatory For Use In Indonesia In addition to the general guidance in our flyer Preparation of Letters Rogatory , keep in mind that any letter rogatory intended for use in Indonesia must include the following: * Reciprocity: an offer of reciprocal assistance; * Costs: a statement expressing willingness to reimburse the Indonesian judicial authorities for costs incurred in execution of the letter rogatory;†¨ * Translations: a certified translation in Indonesian attached to the English copy (although not a requirement, this will expedite processing in Indonesia). * Authority to Issue the Letter Rogatory: The letter rogatory must include the signature of the judge and the seal of the court. Any summons accompanying the letter rogatory must include the seal of the court;†¨ * Authentication: The letter rogatory and any accompanying documents must be authenticated (also called legalized) by the Indonesian Embassy, 2020 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, tel: 202-775-5200. Contact the Consular Section of the Indonesian Embassy for details about requisite fees. Our general information flyer, Authentication of Documents for Use Abroad includes step-by-step instructions about this process. * U.S. Consular Fees : There is a $455.00 fee for consular services related to letters rogatory. The U.S. fee and any local (foreign) fees will be deducted from the $500.00 deposit check (bank or firm check/no personal checks) payable to American Embassy Jakarta which should accompany the letters rogatory and cover letter (including the complete mailing address of the court in the U.S. to which the executed request should be returned). Requests from State or Federal Government Officials If the service is on behalf of the federal, state or local government, there is no fee. If the letter rogatory is being transmitted at the request of a state or federal official no U.S. consular fee will be charged. However, local authorities in the foreign country may impose fees of their own which must be paid by the state or federal authority in the United States requesting the judicial assistance. You will be contacted if a federal appropriation number and fund code or remittance a check for foreign fees owed by state or local governments in the U.S. are necessary. Service of Process Service of process can be effected in Indonesia in a variety of ways: 1. International registered mail, return receipt requested. 2. Personal service by agent can be accomplished by retaining a Indonesian attorney who will serve the documents and execute an affidavit of service at the U.S. embassy. There is a $55.00 fee for the U.S. consular officers notarial service. Lists of attorneys are available from the Office of American Citizens Services, see Questions below. 3. Letters Rogatory (See Above). Authentication of Documents Indonesia is not a party to the Hague Legalization Convention Abolishing the Requirement for Legalization of Foreign Public Documents. Documents originating in Indonesia intended for use in the United States must be authenticated before a U.S. consular officer in Indonesia. There is a $32.00 fee per document for this service payable to American Embassy Jakarta. Likewise, documents originating in the U.S. intended for use in Indonesia must be authenticated by the Indonesian Embassy. [ 1 ]. For this purpose the study used the following books on the Law of Civil Procedure: R. Soepomo, Hukum Acara Perdata Pengadilan Negeri (The Law of Civil Procedure in District Court), (Jakarta: Percetakan Penebar Swadaya, 2002); Retnowulan Sutantio and Iskandar Oeripkartawinata, Hukum Acara Perdata dalam Teori dan Praktek (The Law of Civil Procedure in Theory and Practice), (Bandung: Alumni, 1986). Translation by Author; and also provided in http://www.aseanlawassociation.org/papers/JudicialSystem.pdf. [ 2 ]. http://www.aseanlawassociation.org/papers/JudicialSystem.pdf. Judicial System, last visited: November 1st,2011 and www.suyud.com. Indonesia Civil Procedure. Last visited: November 2nd, 2011. [ 3 ]. Id. [ 4 ]. Id. [ 5 ]. http://d-arch.ide.go.jp/idedp/IAL/IAL002100_004.pdf. Last visited: November 2nd, 2011. [ 6 ]. Id. [ 7 ]. http://www.travel.state.gov/law/judicial/judicial_651.html

Tourism Promotion Has Grown

Tourism Promotion Has Grown In the past few years, the body of literature on tourism promotion has grown. Some scholars have paid more attention on this field. Through review being provided by Rothschild (1987, p, 24) and Shimp (1990, p, 19), promotion was originally used in the marketing communication field, and concept of promotion consists of four main elements, namely publicity, advertising, personal selling and sales promotion. According to, Witt and Moutinho (1995, p, 376) claim, promotion is the crux of any successful tourism venture. Moreover, the promotion of tourism regards as complex communication activities. In other words, the point of Witt and Moutinho (1995, p, 377) is that promotion is the mix of communication activities designed by tourist organizations to influence those target audiences upon whom their sales depend both directly and indirectly, in both the short and long term. In addition, in terms of tourism products have their own features, therefore the ways of promotion are different from other types of products. Furthermore, based on previous research, promoting tourism is not only a responsibility of tourist organizations, but also is a program activity of countries, states and provinces (Gunn Var, 2002, p, 57). According to Ascher (1982, cited in Hall, 2007, p, 182), tourism promotion plays an active role in activities of government. What is more, Hall (2007, p, 182) explained that in Australia either Commonwealth or state government pays more attention on the promotion of tourism. In addition, according to the studies of Gunn and Var (2002, p, 57) claim that promotion for tourism usually encompass four activities: advertising, publicity, public relations and incentives. The terms of purpose of tourism promotion is attract visitors and build the sense of a destination. As Middleton (1993, p, 32) suggest tourism promotion serves many functions in addition to the more obvious one of increasing awareness of a place and encouraging visitors through the communication of attractive images. In other words, Tourism promotion can be a tool in image of destination building and increasing a sense of place. And then based on the studies of Henderson (2003, p, 72) point out that tourism promotion can inspire civic pride, as well as to strengthen the sense of belonging for place on the one hand, on the other hand via tourism promotion, destinations can enhanced the reputation in the world wide. In addition both governments and tourism organizations can get economic benefits. According to the research of Witt and Moutinho (1995, p, 379) concluded that promotion of tourism has several fundamental features. For instance, tourism promotion regard as tourism products, which means promotion in tourism, has almost the same features as tourism products. In addition, due to tourism promotion based on symbols, such as sounds, images, pictures, and words, promotion in tourism is harder than in most other kinds of marketing. In brief, promotion alone must generate desire and acceptance in the absence of more tangible evidence, which is why it is no exaggeration to say that promotion is the product (Witt Moutinho, 1995, p, 380). Moreover, the risk associated with tourism promotion (Dwyer Forsyth, 1992, P, 18). Because tourism promotion could be seen as either short-tern or long-term investment activities, the whole process of promoting tourism faces risk. In addition, tourism industry, which is a risky industry, can affect on tourism promotion (Witt Moutinho, 1995 , p, 381). Furthermore, tourism promotion has integrated feature. Based on previous research from Witt and Moutinho suggested that promotion might be seen as complex activity for the governments, travel agencies and destinations. As a result, all the diverse elements of tourism promotion, such as brochures, advertising and films, could be consistent with this feature (Witt Moutinho, 1995, p, 380). Moreover, tourism promotion has certain cultural feature. Since tourism is a cultural product to customers, promoting tourism is to reflect the cultural expectations of the market. It seems that promotion tends to deal with cultural stereotypes (Witt Moutinho, 1995, p, 380). 2.1.1 Tourism promotion in Traditional Media In general, the concept of traditional media is opposite idea of social media (Bruhn, Schoenmueller Schafer, 2012, p, 770). In addition, according to studies provided by Hsu, Killion, Brown, Gross and Huang (2008, p, 302) indicated that traditional media consist by television, film, radio, magazines, newspapers and other print materials. These various forms of traditional media play different roles in tourism promotion. For instance, advertisements are regarded as significant form among tourism promotion. Tourism advertisements are available in different traditional media platforms, such as newspapers, magazines and television (Gunn Var, 2002, p, 57). According to previous research from Hsu, et al (2008, p, 302) asserted, advertising in newspaper, which is seen as the low-cost promotional way. Despite the feature of low-cost, Leckenby (2005, p, 24) asserted, newspapers provide wide reach. As a result many tourism organizations prefer this form as the channel of promotion. Furthermo re, compared with advertising in newspaper, advertising in television is more expensive. According to Hsu, et, al (2008, p, 304) point out that a television advertisement can achieve national exposure and reach a large proportion of the population if it is shown several times during prime-time shows over a number of weeks. It clear that advertising in television is traditional and significant tourism promotional way. Additionally, tourism television advertisements are also regarded as the important channel of national tourism campaign in the past few years (Hall, 2007, p, 181). Additionally, tourism brochures are one of common tourism promotional ways. Based on a literature review, Hsu, et al (2008, p, 298) assert Brochures and other printed materials play a more significant role in tourism than in most other industries. It is clear that brochures, as printed media, play a key role in tourism promotion. In addition, because of other forms of media are expensive for promotion, advertising in brochures is more popular forms of promotion in travel and tourism (Rozier-Rich Santos, 2011, p, 395). Furthermore, from the research of Andereck (2005, p, 8) assert brochures is an influential source of travel information for tourists. In addition, a variety of researchers exist which show brochure is one of significant and widely of promotional method available in tourism industry (Holloway Plant, 1988; Wicks Schuett, 1991, p, 301). With rapid development of Information and Communication Technologies, according to previous researchers, Andereck (2005, p, 3) suggeste d travel brochures continue being the main promotional tool for many places or tourism business which does not have the necessary economic, human, technical or structural resources for spreading information in a more complex or sophisticated way. However, similar to researches put forth by Andereck (2005), Hsu et al (2008, p, 311) argued that if tourism brochures have not been chose appropriate ways to attract attention from customers, and distributed to the improper destinations, brochures are going to be ineffective. As a result, despite printing tourism brochures, many organizations using website to promote their products and services. Moreover, according to Gunn and Var (2002, p, 57) claim of great aid in promoting tourism is the recent explosion in the use of the Internet and electronic business. It seems that the Internet might be seen as a challenge to tourism brochures. Furthermore, in some studies found that films as a tourism tool, which play an active role in tourism industry. Riley and Doren (1991, p, 267) point out that movies become pull factors (attraction) situated in push locations (tourism generating areas). Via films, which can attract tourists to travel as well as cultivate familiarity feeling of tourists toward destinations. From the beginning of 1980s, for example, Australian government used movies as promotional tool. In 1986, the movie Crocodile Dundee released, which express Australian bush culture and laconic Australian identity. Additionally, when the film Australian released, which encourage more international visitors to Australia (Beeton, 2004, p, 131). Therefore, Australia is an appropriate example to analysis movie as a tourism promotion tool. Currently, a large number of studies focus on using tourism brochures, advertising and films to promote tourism business. In addition, little research has pay attention on the impact of Internet for tourism promotion. However, tourism promotion in traditional media existed some problems. For example, traditional media platforms are difficult to attract and capture the attention of target customers on the one hand. On the other hand, the process of update and transmit information is ineffective, such as advertising in newspapers and television, the content need to repeat several times might be attracted attention from target customers or travelers. According to the studies produced by Stern (1995, p, 127, cited in Leckenby, 2005, p, 5) claimed, traditional media, such as television, is a passive and time-constrained media. With rapid development of network communications, social media is gradually effect in many industries. It seems that social media are increasingly replacing traditi onal media (Bruhn, et al, 2012, p, 771). In addition, many scholars pay more attention on promotion in marketing area. However, few studies show a concern on how to use social media, which play a key roe in promotion, to promoting tourism. 2.2

Offshore Drilling Impacts And Solutions Environmental Sciences Essay

Offshore Drilling Impacts And Solutions Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays, there is a growing demand for hydrocarbons in the world market. This study was to determine the impacts of offshore drilling to the aquatic lives and methods to reduce it. Offshore drilling is the process to discover the hydrocarbons by drilling exploratory boreholes or wells on the seabed. The ocean is not that vast to dilute all the chemicals that had been discarding to it. The chemicals that remained in the sea are called pollutant. This research paper will discussed three main impacts of offshore drilling and three suggested solutions to reduce it. The three impacts are offshore drilling operation noises will destructed marine lives, improper disposal of waste products will poisoned marine lives, and oil spill accidents will gradually killed marine lives. As human is at the top of the food chain, which receives the greatest impact, should find solutions to save ourselves. The three suggested solutions are government and organizations should enhance the rules and policie s respectively, professionals should consider accepting Khan and Islams five sustainable management models and try to work them out, and professionals should use their knowledge to improve monitoring and develop strategies. Therefore, concluded that human should try to protect the marine lives from being sacrifice because of us. Offshore Drilling: Impacts and Solutions Petroleum hydrocarbons play a very important role in society (Khan Islam, 2008). Nowadays, people tend to rely very much on the use of gas, petrol and oil. Hence, the growing demand for petroleum hydrocarbons on the world market has cause the development and production of oil resources to grow rapidly (The Prevention of Pollution from Offshore Installations, 2002). Gbadebo, Taiwo and Eughele (2010) stated that the only way to confirm the presence of hydrocarbons in an identified promising geological structure is to drill exploratory boreholes or wells (p.284). It is well known and generally accepted that the waste products of the offshore drilling activities are usually dumped into the sea (Khan Islam, 2008). The ocean is not as vast as people thought. It could not dilute all the chemicals that had been disposing to it, thus, the waste products of offshore drilling and the oil spill accidents are actually causing pollution to the ocean (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007). The main purpo se of this research paper is to identify the consequences of offshore drilling to the marine lives and solutions to reduce it. Practicing offshore drilling will gradually disturb the communication calls of marine lives (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012), improper disposal of chemical waste products will toxic the marine species (Gbadebo, Taiwo Eughele, 2010), and oil spill accident will cause deaths of a wide variety of marine species. Therefore, we have come out with some suggestions to decrease the pollution level. Government and concerned organizations should enhance the rules and reinforce the policies (Amos, 2011); professionals should consider to adopt the theoretical idea of the five sustainable management models of Khan and Islam (Khan Islam, 2008), and scientists and professionals should use their knowledge to improve monitoring and continue to develop pollution source-reduction strategies (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007). Very few people actually realize that the operating noise produce from offshore oil drilling can put aquatic animals lives at risk (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). There are approximately 119 species of aquatic animals use sound as their primary sense (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007). They use sound to communicate, navigate and forage (Pollution in the ocean). However, the loud noise made by the drilling operations of offshore oil and gas production and other noises generated by human activities will confuse them, hence, causing them to do abnormal things such as stranding. According to The National Academies, in March 2000, fourteen beaked whales and two minke whales became stranded; six of the beaked whales died (Pollution in the Ocean). Autopsies revealed three of the beached whales bleeding in the inner ears and one whale has inner bleeding in its brain (Pollution in the Ocean). Many of the impacts of offshore activities on marine environments are inconstant, as the complicated relations between many types of species in marine ecosystems and difficulties associated with conducting research at depth (Amos, 2011). Thus, there is still lacking of scientific evidence to prove the actual impact of the short and long term effects of noise on marine mammals. Nonetheless, we can still assure that the noises of sea activities had disrupted the sense of the marine mammals, causing them to have difficulties to communicate, navigate, and forage. In addition, the public are very concern about the improper disposals of chemical waste products. This is because they afraid that the marine species will get poisoned and they afraid of eating them (Gbadebo, Taiwo Eughele, 2010). The accumulated toxicity in the fish can cause illness, sometimes fatal, to anything or anyone that consumed it; thus, will destroying the food chain and reproductive cycle (Rose, 2009). According to American petroleum institute (API) (1989) as cited in Khan Islam (2008), both the well cuttings and the drilling fluids compose about 2% of the total exploratory wastes. Besides, there were two recent studies do research on the impact of drill cuttings from offshore installations on corals and marine worms (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). The first result shows that the coral were able to withstand and self-clean in short period of time; however, the coral will smother and started to die over weeks (Offshore exploration and exploitation in the Mediterranean). Whereas, the second result shows that the populations of marine worms are decreasing when exposed to concentrations of barium, which is a similar heavy metal in drill cuttings. Taking Dibi and Ewan offshore wells as background, the result shows that the concentrations of various polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons analyzed in cuttings from both oil wells are very high (Gbadebo, Taiwo Eughele, 2010). If the drilling wastes are not discharged properly, it will endanger the marine lives and also our health (Gbadebo et al.). The results of heavy metals analyses also tell us that the concentrations in the cuttings and mud are high, which could lead to bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms (Gbadebo et al.). If anyone accidentally eats those aquatic organisms, he or she might get sick easily. The problems of oil spill accident happened around the world (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). Oil spill accident, such as the disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, causes deaths of a wide variety of marine species (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). When there is a quick flow and concentrated oil during a spill makes them especially harmful to localized marine organisms and communities, plants and animals that coated with oil will cause them to die (Rose, 2009). Oil that covered the surface of the animals, such as sea gull, cannot keep its body warm will die in the Artic; whereas, when there is a layer of oil covered the surface of sea, sunlight will be difficult to reach the the seabed. Since it needs a long time to recover the sea, the plants and animals live on seabed will gradually die. Therefore, in June 2010, National Energy Board (NEB), Canadas federal energy regulator, organized a review of safety and environmental protection requirements for Canadian Arctic offshore drilling for oil and gas (Amos, 2011). Despite the great economic and social benefits, public also concern about the solutions to reduce the impact of offshore drilling activity (Khan Islam, 2008). Government and related organizations should strengthen the rules and improve the policies (Amos, 2011). Government should always transmit positive feedback to the public when a new method is in probation (Pollution in the ocean, 2007). This is to convince and to increase peoples confidence level towards that new method. Given the disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, NEB should learnt the lesson and strengthen the offshore drilling safety requirements (Amos, 2011). In order to strengthen the rules applied to future Arctic offshore exploration NEB should maintain the capability requirement of same season relief well (SSRW), improves policy, regulatory and liability requirements; polish the comprehensive filing requisites for future applications for offshore drilling requiring thorough ecological baseline studies (Amos). Khan and Islam had reviewed the new environmental management techniques on solving the existing problems of offshore oil and gas drilling. Professionals should consider adopting the theoretical idea of the five sustainable management models, which were marine protected areas in oil sites (MPAOS), ocean fertilization and CO2 utilization (OFCU), integrated coastal pollution balancing (ICPB), artificial recruitment in fisheries (ARFS), and artificial rigs from oil rigs (AROR) (Khan Islam, 2008). Professionals should take a look on the idea of them to generate more applicable methods for reducing the level of pollution in ocean. Scientists should choose the applicable theory to undergo experimental studies, understand how these proposals will function in real ecosystem context. MPAOS model is to designate an oil site as a protected area (Khan Islam, 2008). This could protect and improve fisheries production. Since the fishes are protected, hence, we no need worry about the toxicity of the fishes. Secondly, OFCU model is the idea of balancing carbon dioxide emissions by sinking enough organic carbon in the ocean bottom. Thirdly, ICPB model is to apply the principle of bioremediation or food web enhancement to utilize the runoff oils and pollution through balancing ecosystem components. Fourthly, ARFS model is the idea of compensate the fisheries production of certain species in a targeted area and to restore the stocks. Lastly, AROR is the idea to keep the original sites of the abandoned rigs to establish a reef community or transported to another planned site. The models are following the principle of natural functions in marine environment and take into account ecological, biological, and technological factors (Khan Islam). The impact of offshore drilling will be lightening by applying these five models. Professionals should use their knowledge to improve monitoring and continue to develop pollution source-reduction strategies (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007). It is difficult to clean up oil spills. In those days, people use complicated method such as water shut-off, bottom separation and down-hole separation of oil and water (The prevention of pollution from offshore installations, 2002). Nowadays, they usually use biological agents to break down the oil, use materials that absorb oil, and gelling agents that make oil easier to skim from the surface. People also physically clean up the spills by using high- pressure water hoses on shores and cleaning oil off from animals (Pollution in the Ocean). These methods were used because of the improvement of technologies and sciences. Therefore, the professionals should work hard to figure out easier method to solve the oil spill problem. Scientists should work together to find the solutions from reduce the harm towards the living organisms in the sea; whereas, the technicians should invent other types of machine that will do less harm to the environment (Tyack, 2008). In conclusion, human should safe the marine species because the innocent marine lives are suffering because of our selfishness. We should know that practicing offshore drilling will disrupt the main sense of marine lives to hunt, communicate and navigate (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). In addition, improper disposal of chemical waste products of offshore drilling will toxic the marine lives (Gbadebo, Taiwo Eughele, 2010). Moreover, oil spill accident will cause deaths of a wide variety of marine species. Considering human is at the top of the food chain, which will receives the greatest impact, we should stand up and do something for rescue ourselves. Thus, government and concerned organizations should strengthen the rules and improve the policies (Amos, 2011). Furthermore, professionals should consider to accept and carry out the theoretical idea of the five sustainable management models (Khan Islam, 2008). Additionally, scientists and professio nals should use their knowledge to improve and develop pollution source-reduction strategies (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007).

Born Too Early Essay -- essays research papers

According to the American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI), over 400,000 babies are born prematurely or at a low birth weight. As a result of being born early they are more likely to require high-technology intensive and specialized care in the hospital and follow-up care as infants and children. As a result, many have chronic medical problems and developmental problems. Some of the problems consist of respiratory distress, feeding issues, language delays and several other problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a mother of a premature infant, I know these issues are a major concern when the baby is born and the stress that it can put on the families. In order to be able to deal with the situation effectively you have to acquire information and learn the good and the bad that come with having a premature infant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When a baby is born prematurely there are a number of tests that the baby has to go through. First the doctors and nurses have to assess the baby’s heart, lungs, color and temperature. If the baby is having trouble with any of these things then it is taken into what is called the neonatal intensive care unit. In some of the smaller hospitals they aren’t equipped with the technology that is needed to keep the baby alive and the baby has to be transported to a bigger hospital, usually to a hospital in a metropolitan city in order to get the proper care. After the baby has been assessed for problems then it is watched closely ...

Who Is God? Essay -- essays research papers

Who is God? Worshipping is a way to communicate beliefs and feelings of individuals and religious communities. Every society I have every studied from the American Indians to the Ancient Greek have all believed in some form of worship or religion. Altars have been and are in existence in several if not all forms of region. Robert Farris Thompson depicts this for the African population in " Overture: The Concept 'Altar,' " and " With the Assurance of Infinity: Yoruba Atlantic Altars," Face of the Gods: Art and Altars of Africa and the African Americas, through pictures he and others have taken, has well as evidence from assorted books, articles, poems and songs, Thompson shows the meaningful role the Altar had in self expression of the Africans. "The aim is to view black Atlantic art, especially in the New World, in terms of thoughtfully selected [altar] objects belonging to specific philosophic constellations which help to define the face of divinity." Through the oppression of the salve trade, the Yoruba Africans worked to keep there own conception of region intact. "Even under slavery, and under post slavery persecution in the late nineteenth century, the Yoruba of Cuba and Brazil managed to maintain sporadic but precious contact with Africa through networks of friends and traders. They sought the sacred cowries, seeds, and beads of Africa for their religion." This example...

Minority Research Paper

Description of the Market Market specifics need to be carefully analyzed and marketers should become familiar with the data for each. In order to market a brand or specific goods/services, marketers should be sensitive to each group and shouldn’t be afraid to tap into each market. Below is information on the three largest minority groups in the United States and what each one prefers. African Americans †¢The total numbers in the US is 42 million (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢African Americans make up 13. 6% of the total US population (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The rate of growth for this minority group from 2000 to 2010 was 15. % (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The average household size is 2. 7 (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The average age for African Americans is 32. 1 (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The percentage of African Americans 25 and older that hold a ba chelors degree or higher is 18% (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The median income per year was $32,068 (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢More than half of the African-American population (55%) live in the Southern states. Texas, Florida, and Georgia have a population of about 3 million, while New York still has the highest with 3. 4 million (â€Å"Black Demographics†).Metro areas with the largest African American population with 1 million or more are: †¢New York, NY †¢Atlanta, GA †¢Chicago, IL †¢Washington, MD-VA †¢Philadelphia, PA †¢Los Angeles – Long Beach, CA †¢Miami – Fort Lauderdale, FL †¢Houston, TX †¢The brands that have a higher than average purchase rate among African Americans are Procter & Gamble, L’Oreal, Yoplait, General Motors, Oreos, Slim Fast, Tide, Campbell’s, Ragu, Lexus, Pampers, Jell-O, and Levi’s (Sampey). †¢Specific products that hav e above average usage for this group are basic food ingredients, beverages, personal care items, and beauty care. The best media to use in order to target this group is television because African Americans watch more TV than any other minority group. The next best would be the Internet and the radio. Asian Americans †¢The total numbers in the US is 17. 3 million (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢Asian Americans make up 5. 6 percent of the total US population (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The rate of growth for this minority group from 2000 to 2010 was 46% (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The average household size is 3. 53 (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The average age for Asian Americans is 34 (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). The percentage of Asian Americans 25 and older that hold a bachelors degree or higher is 50% (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). That is higher than any g roup in the United States. †¢The median income per year was $67,022 (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢About three-quarters of the Asian American population live in metropolitan areas such as the San Francisco Bay Area, New York metropolitan area, and the Greater Los Angeles Area (Beckwith). They make up for 1-2 million people in each place. They are mainly concentrated in five states, which are: †¢California †¢New York †¢Texas Illinois †¢Hawaii †¢A few brands that have a higher than average purchase rate among Asian Americans are Toyota, Honda, Coca-Cola, IBM, Head & Shoulders, and Tylenol (Lindorff). Wealthy Asian Americans tend to buy luxury brands, such as Chanel, Rolex, Loius Vuitton, Armani, and Nordstrom (Lesonsky). †¢Specific products that have above average usage for this group are furniture, footwear, clothing, food, and vehicles. †¢ The best media to use in order to target this group is the Internet and newspapers, as well as direct mail printed in their language. Hispanic Americans The total numbers in the US is 52 million (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢Hispanic Americans make up 16. 7 percent of the total US population (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The rate of growth for this minority group from 2000 to 2010 was 43% (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢The average household size is 4 (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). This is most likely due to a high fertility rate among this group. †¢The median age for Hispanic Americans is 27 (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†).. †¢The percentage of Hispanic Americans 25 and older that hold a bachelors degree or higher is 13% (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†).That is the lowest amongst the three groups. †¢The median income per year was $37,759 (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). †¢Hispanic Americans are concentrated in the South and the West geographically. About 50% of the population lives in California, Texas, and Florida. California has the highest than any other state, which is 14 million (â€Å"infoplease†). †¢Examples of brands that have a higher than average purchase rate among Hispanic Americans are Corona, Sunsilk, OPI, Ouidad, and Goya (Genuario). †¢Specific products that have above average usage for this group are small appliances, footwear, furniture, and food. The best media to use in order to target this group is through Spanish television networks and printed media. BUSINESS POTENTIAL African American: The African-American community is a very important market because of their great spending trends and buying power. Their buying power is estimated to reach $1. 1 trillion in a few years (â€Å"Multi-ethnic Demographics†). This ethnic group consists of 43 million individuals and marketers should be worried if they haven’t tapped into this ever-growing market (â€Å"United Stat es Census Bureau†).African-Americans are one of the most brand loyal customers and make trips to the store more than any other group. If a national marketer were to get the attention of this ethnic group, the brand they would be promoting would grow, since African Americans stick to their brands. A new middle class has emerged for this group, thanks to more educational opportunities that result in higher incomes. This growing middle class is very fashion, brand, and price conscious and goes shopping for pleasure and social fun. This alone should encourage more marketers to pursue this minority group and give ideas on how to market specifically to this group.Asian American: The Asian American population is growing faster than the total population due to immigration. It’s growing even faster than the Hispanic group and is the fastest growing ethnic group in the US (â€Å"Multi-Ethnic Demographics†). The overall business potential for this minority group is very hig h because Asian Americans are more likely to be rich than any other minority consumer. That is because they are better educated, even more so than the average American. They are in a lot of top-level jobs and have high specialties. Their buying power is very high and continues to grow.Currently, they spend more than $500 billion annually and their buying power is projected to reach up to $697 billion by the year 2014 (Lasonsky). Much of the valuable market segment is still underestimated and overlooked. That’s why it is important to dig in to this market and develop a great marketing strategy. This group spends more on education, housing, and food than the average US household. As a marketer, there is a good start already by knowing what the consumer wants. A lot of brands have an attitude that asks why they should target this market if they’re already buying the product.Well, it’s important because there is a huge opportunity to build long-lasting relationships and customer loyalty. Asian Americans are consumers that like to educate themselves about prices and products before they dive in and buy something. So, if you would like to catch this market’s attention, make sure you emphasize great deals and focus on product quality. Hispanic American: The Hispanic American market is a very important part of the US economy. This group is growing quite rapidly and marketers should be aware of all of the data. By 2015, the buying power for Hispanics is expected to reach $1. trillion (â€Å"Multi-ethnic Demographics†). In the last few years, the increase in income and population has given marketers new opportunities. This allows them to come up with a whole new marketing plan to serve the Hispanic American’s needs. This market should be approached as a long-term investment. Since the median age for Hispanic Americans is 27, we can see that this ethnic group is younger than the others (â€Å"United States Census Bureau†). This gives marketers a chance to succeed in using geographic, demographic, and psychographic segmentation.By using this information, marketers can position themselves favorably and gain market share. Since many Hispanic Americans speak both English and Spanish, this gives marketers a chance to develop marketing synergies. Marketers should also make sure their general market message reflects the Hispanic culture because if a consumer feels that the brand does not care about them, their message would be ineffective. In order to reach Hispanic Americans through marketing, make sure you know their backgrounds, give them a feeling of ‘home,’ and most importantly build relationships.Bibliography â€Å"Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2012. † United States Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau, 05 Sept 2012. Web. 7 Sep 2012. . Beckwith , Ryan. â€Å"Asian-Americans Don’t Live in Swing States. † Congress. org. Congress. org, 03 May 2012. Web . 7 Sep 2012. . â€Å"Black (African-American) History Month: February 2012. † United States Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau, 05 Sept 2012. Web. 7 Sep 2012. . Black Demographics. com. Black Demographiics, 2010. Web. 7 Sep 2012. . Genuario, Leah. â€Å"The U. S. Hispanic Beauty Market. † .Picard Holdings LLC, 2011. Web. 9 Sep 2012. . â€Å"Hispanic Americans By the Numbers. † infoplease. Pearson Education, 2012. Web. 8 Sep 2012. . â€Å"Hispanic Heritage Month 2012: Sept. 15 — Oct. 15. † United States Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau, 05 Sept 2012. Web. 6 Sep 2012. . Lesonsky, Rieva. â€Å"Small Business: Tap Into the Affluent Asian American Market. † Small Business Trends. Small Business Trends LLC, 13 June 2012. Web. 8 Sep 2012. Lindorff, David. â€Å"Marketers slowly begin to tap into U. S. ‘s rich Asian consumers. † . Media Life, n. d. Web. 8 Sep 2012.Sampey, Kathleen. â€Å"African-Americans Show More à ¢â‚¬ËœLove' to Brands Than Caucasians. † Yahoo Finance. Yahoo. com, 15 Aug 2012. Web. 7 Sep 2012. . Bibliography (cont’d) â€Å"Study: African Americans love them some brands. † Electronic Urban Report. EurPublisher, 07 Aug 2012. Web. 6 Sep 2012. . Westlund, Richard. â€Å"Marketing to Hispanics 2010. † Finding the Gold in Hispanic Marketing. Adweek, 27 April 2011. Web. 9 Sep 2012. . â€Å"2010 Census Shows America’s Diversity. † Multi-ethnic Demographics. National Association for Multi-Ethnicity in Communications, 2012. Web. 9 Sep 2012.